Hangzhou

杭州市人民政府新闻办公室 编

Compiled by the Information Office of

Hangzhou Municipal People's Government

中国有句俗语，上有天堂，下有苏杭。意思是说，杭州和苏州

风景如画，堪称人间天堂。杭州是历史文化名城，也是创新活力

之城，相信 2016 年峰会将给大家呈现一种历史和现实交汇的独

特韵味。

——习近平

There is a common Chinese expression “Heaven above, Suzhou and Hangzhou below”.

It means that the landscapes of Hangzhou and Suzhou are so picturesque as to be

viewed as heaven on earth. Hangzhou, renowned for its wealth in culture and history, is

also a creative and vibrant city. We believe that the 2016 G20 Hangzhou Summit will

share with you this charming and unique blend of the present and the past.

— Xi Jinping

Hangzhou

杭州市人民政府新闻办公室 编

Compiled by the Information Office of

Hangzhou Municipal People's Government

主 编：翁卫军

副 主 编：龚志南

执行主编：杨泽伟

编 委：张 敏 张 甜 尚佐文 丁雄英

李丽娜 黄 易 陈 琳

撰 稿：丁以捷 傅一览 李 稹 孙 钥

徐 滋 孙秋芬 武彦龙

Chief Editor: Weng Weijun

Deputy Editor: Gong Zhinan

Executive Chief Editor: Yang Zewei

Members of the Editorial Board: Zhang Min Zhang Tian

Shang Zuowen Ding Xiongying Li Lina Huang Yi Chen Lin

Witer: Ding Yijie Fu Yilan Li Zhen Sun Yue Xu Zi

Sun Qiufen Wu Yanlong

《杭州》编委会

The editorial board of Hangzhou

印象杭州

A Glimpse of Hangzhou

人文杭州

Hangzhou: Culture and People

创新杭州

Creative Hangzhou

和谐杭州

Harmonious Hangzhou

001

042

010

070

美丽杭州

Beautiful Hangzhou

乐游杭州

Sightseeing in Hangzhou

美食杭州

Hangzhou’s Cuisine

100

132

194

A Glimpse

of Hangzhou

对于世人来说，杭州代表着一种说不出的向往，一种忘不了的记忆。

她山水形胜，人文炽盛；她精致和谐，大气开放。

她是时间流逝的历史定格，是浙地人民的情感造像。

她是从古至今的人间天堂，是外国旅人的华美天城。

她颦笑皆诗意，她动静总相宜。

她一砖一瓦，皆是文化；她一草一木，皆是深情。

她是一座有生命的城市，她有温度，有情感，有姿态，有自己的语言。

如想了解杭州，请走近，请聆听，请触摸，请用心感受，

你会发现一个属于你的，最好的杭州！

To the people of the world, Hangzhou is an ineffable expression of hope, an

unforgettable experience for all those that have walked within its bounds.

She is a city of natural beauty, mountains and lakes, a thriving example

of culture, a truly magnanimous and open city, finding the finest point of

harmony and balance.

Hangzhou is a tableau of the course of history, a reflection of the emotion of

all Zhejiang residents.

A city that has risen out of ancient beginnings Hangzhou is an incomparable

modern day paradise, and a must see destination for any foreign travelers.

Both in her stillness and her movement, Hangzhou is a poetically gorgeous

city.

Brick by brick Hangzhou’s culture has been made, with each blade of grass or

floating leaf resonating this same deep feeling.

The city is alive with its own warmth and passion, its own character and

language.

If you desire to know Hangzhou, then walk within her boarders, hear her

voice, and with all your heart feel her, let her expression touch you. Then you

will without a doubt discover Hangzhou's beauty shining within yourself.

A Glimpse

of Hangzhou

行政区划

杭州是浙江省省会和经济、文化、科

教中心，长江三角洲中心城市，全市总面积

16596 平方千米，其中市区面积 4876 平方千

米，下辖上城、下城、江干、拱墅、西湖、滨江、

萧山、余杭、富阳 9 个市辖区，桐庐、淳安

2 个县，建德、临安 2 个县级市。至 2015 年末，

杭州常住人口达 901.8 万人。

地理位置

杭 州 位 于 中 国 东 南 沿 海（ 北 纬

29 °11 ′ —30 °33 ′， 东 经 118 °21 ′ —

120°30′），浙江省北部，钱塘江下游，京

杭大运河南端，东临杭州湾，与绍兴相接，

南与金华相邻，西南与衢州市、安徽省黄山

市相接，北与湖州市、嘉兴市毗邻，西北与

安徽省宣城市交界。

地形地貌

杭州地处长江三角洲南沿和钱塘江流域，

地形地貌多样。西部属浙西丘陵区，山地连绵，

景色瑰丽，主干山脉有天目山等；东部属浙

北平原，地势低平，水网密布，是典型的江

南水乡。境内京杭大运河、钱塘江穿境而过，

东苕溪流经临安、余杭汇入太湖。

气候特点

杭州全年平均气温 17.8℃，光照充足，

雨量丰沛，四季分明，属典型的亚热带季风

气候。夏季潮湿炎热，冬季寒冷干燥，相比

较而言春秋两季气候最为舒适，是旅游观光

的最佳季节。

Administrative Divisions

Hangzhou is the center of Zhejiang Province's

economy, culture, scientific studies and

education, as a central city in the Yangtze

River Delta; Hangzhou is the administrative

capital of Zhejiang. Hangzhou city occupies a

total area of 16,596 km2

, with the city proper

occupying 4,876 km2

. Within its jurisdiction,

Hangzhou is divided into nine districts:

Shangcheng, Xiacheng, Jianggan, Gongshu,

Xihu, Binjiang, Xiaoshan, Yuhang and Fuyang

as well as two counties: Tonglu County and

Chun'an County. Hangzhou's jurisdiction

also extends to two other county level cities:

Jiande City and Lin'an City. At the end of

2015, Hangzhou has a permanent population

of 9,018,000.

Geographical Location

Hangzhou is located in the southeastern

coastal area of China at (29°11'-30°33' N

118°21'-120°30' E). This is the nor th of

Zhejiang Province along the lower reaches

of Qiantang River, and the southern tip of

the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, just to

the west of Hangzhou Bay. Hangzhou is

connected to Shaoxing in the east, Jinhua in

the south, with Quzhou (Zhejiang Province)

and Yellow Mountain (Anhui Province) falling

to its southwest. Huzhou and Jiaxing are

both just to Hangzhou's north, with Anhui

Province's Xuancheng very close in the

northwest.

Topography

Hangzhou lies in the southern part of the

Yangtze River Delta in the Qiantang River

Basin, and as such has extremely varied

topogr aphy. Hang zhou has gor geous

mountain ranges such as Tianmu Mountain

rising in the west, while also having the broad

flat expanses of the Northern Zhejiang Plain

in the east. Hangzhou is a typical southern

town surround by waterways. The BeijingHangzhou Grand Canal and the Qiantang

River both run directly through the city, and

in the east Tiaoxi River flows into Lake Taihu

via Lin’an and Yuhang.

Climate

With an annual average temperature of

17.8°C, plenty of sunshine and an ample

rainfall, Hangzhou has a typical subtropical

monsoon climate with four distinct seasons.

Summer is hot and humid, winter is cold

and dry, but spring and autumn are both

very comfortable and the best seasons for

travelling. 02

北京

Beijing

京杭大运河

Grand-canal Beijing-Hangzhou 黄河

Yellow river

长江

Yangtze river

上海

Shanghai

浙江省

Zhejiang Province

杭州

Hangzhou

印象杭州 A Glimpse of Hangzhou

03

相传公元前 21 世纪，夏禹南巡

舍其杭（“杭”是方舟）于此，故名

“余杭”。

秦 统 一 六 国 后， 杭 州 始 设 县 治，

称钱唐县，属会稽郡；新莽时一度改

钱唐为泉亭县；到了东汉，复置钱唐

县，属吴郡。

三 国、 两 晋， 直 至 南 北 朝 时 代，

杭州属吴国的吴兴郡，归古扬州。

隋开皇九年（589），废钱唐郡置

杭州，“杭州”之名第一次出现。

唐朝时，置杭州郡，旋改余杭郡，

治 所 在 钱 唐。后 改“钱 唐”为“钱

塘”。

五 代 十 国 时， 杭 州 属 吴 越 西 府，

治在钱塘，辖钱塘、钱江、余杭、安

国、於潜、唐山、富阳、新城八县。

北宋时，杭州实际管辖两浙西路。

淳化五年（994），改军号为宁海军节

度。大观元年（1107）升为帅府。元

祐四年（1089），著名诗人苏东坡出

任杭州知州。

南 宋 建 炎 三 年（1129）， 宋 室

南迁至杭州，并改“杭州”为“临安

府”，于绍兴八年（1138）正式定都

临安。

元朝及至明清，杭州均为浙江省

省会所在地。

1927 年，“杭州市”正式设立。

1949 年 5 月 3 日，杭州市人民政

府成立，杭州成为浙江省省会城市。

According to legend in the 21st century

B.C.E.,Yu, the founding emperor of the Xia

era, travelled via boat (which was said \"hang\"

in ancient Chinese) throughout the south on

his inspection of his empire, and thus decided

to name the city Yuhang.

After the Qin Kingdom annexed the other

six kingdoms in (221 B.C.E.), Hangzhou was

renamed and administered as Qiantang

County of Kuaiji Prefecture in the New

Dynasty established by Wang Mang in 8 C.E..

In the East Han Dynasty (25-220 A.D.) it

became Qiantang County of Wu Prefecture.

Throughout the Three Kingdoms period,

both East and West Jin Dynasties, all the

way through till the Northern and Southern

Dynasties, Hangzhou was part of Wuxing

Prefecture in the Wu Kingdom under the

jurisdiction of ancient Yangzhou.

In 589 C.E. the 9th year of Kaihuang’s reign

in Sui Dynasty, the name of Hangzhou

first appeared as it replaced the abolished

Qiantang Prefecture.

In the Tang D y na s t y (618 -907 C . E .)

Hangzhou Prefecture was established and

then changed its name to Yuhang Prefecture

soon after wards, with Qiantang as its

administrative center.

In the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms

period, Hangzhou was part of the west

region of the Wuyue Kingdom with Qiantang

as its administrative center. It had eight

counties: Qiantang, Qianjiang, Yuhang,

Anguo, Yuqian, Tangshan, Fuyang and

Xincheng all under its jurisdiction.

Dur ing the Nor ther n Song Dynas t y,

Hangzhou administered the Liangzhe

west region. In 994 C.E. ,the 5th year of

emperor Chunhua's reign Hangzhou's

status increased to be recognized

as the Ninghai Military Institution.

历史沿革

History

04

It would later be renamed the Marshal Headquarters in 1107 C.E., the 1st year of Daguan's

reign. In 1089, the 4th year of Yuanyou's reign Su Dongpo, a distinguished poet became

mayor of Hangzhou.

In 1129, the 3rd year of Jianyan's reign of the Southern Song Dynasty, the imperial family

moved southward to Hangzhou, then renamed Hangzhou \"Lin’an Prefecture\" and officially

made it the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty in 1138 the 8th year of Shaoxing's reign.

Hangzhou was capital of Zhejiang Province through the Yuan, Ming and Qing

Dynasties.

In 1927, \"Hangzhou City\" was officially established.

On May the 3rd 1949, the Hangzhou Municipal

People’s Government was establishment

with Hangzhou recognized as the

capital of Zhejiang Province.

印象杭州 A Glimpse of Hangzhou

05

06

杭州城市标志以汉字“杭”的篆书演变，巧妙地将航船、城廓、建筑、

园林、拱桥等诸多要素融入其中。“杭”字古义即为“方舟”、“船”，“杭”

又通“航”，标志整体似航船，反映了杭州取名自“大禹舍舟登岸”的历史

典故，体现了杭州作为历史文化名城的底蕴，又象征着今天的杭州正扬帆起

航，展现出积极进取、意气风发的精神面貌。

标志运用江南建筑中具有标志性的翘屋角与圆拱门作为表现形式，有中

国传统文化和江南地域特征，标志右半部分隐含了杭州著名景点“三潭印月”

的形象，标志下方的笔触微妙地传达了城市、航船、建筑、园林、拱桥与水

的亲近感，凸现了杭州独有的“五水共导”的城市特征。

标志运用了中英文字体体现杭州的城市名称，字体的笔画也是从标志图

形中提取，方中带圆，凸现了精致和谐、大气开放的城市人文精神。

Hangzhou’s city logo displays the evolution of the Chinese seal character “hang”.

It skillfully integrates a sailing ship, city outline, architecture, gardens and arch

bridges. It resembles a ship as a whole, as the character “hang” in ancient

Chinese means “ark” or “ship”, and the pronunciation of “hang” is homophonic

with that of “shipping”, which alludes to Yu’s historical voyage at the start of the

Xia period. The icon represents the historical wealth of this famous city, while

also capturing the aspirations and vitality of embarking on a new voyage.

Overhanging eaves and arches characteristic of the southern architecture

appear in the logo. This is to embody traditional Chinese culture and southern

geographical features. The right half of the logo shows the shadow “Three Ponds

Mirroring the Moon”, an image of a renowned scenic spot in Hangzhou. The

lines on the lower half of the logo subtly remind us of the close ties between

the water, ships, architecture, gardens and arch bridges of the city. They further

accentuate the five unique water ways of Hangzhou: Qiantang River, The Grand

Canal, West Lake, Hangzhou Bay and Xixi Wetlands.

The logo uses both Chinese and English characters to represent the city; the

strokes come from the symbolic icon of Hangzhou found in the middle of

the logo. It contains a circle in a square representing the harmony and open

magnanimity of Hangzhou’s elegant cultural spirit.

城市标志

City Logo

印象杭州 A Glimpse of Hangzhou

07

杭州是桂花的故乡，桂花在杭州已有近千年的栽

培历史。早在南宋时期，满觉陇已经大片种植桂花，

并形成一定规模。《武林梵志》有这样的记载：“满

觉陇……桂花盛时游人甚盛。”每到金秋时节，桂子

月中落，天香云外飘。馥郁的桂花香浸润着杭州人民

的幸福，把那一份浓情、祥和送给每一位来杭的游客。

Hangzhou is the home of the sweet-scented osmanthus,

it has been growing in Hangzhou for nearly 1,000 years.

As early as the Southern Song Dynasty it began to be

planted widely in the Manjuelong Garden. It is recorded

in The Annals of Wu’lin, “When the sweet-scented

osmanthus flourishes in the Manjuelong Garden, the

garden is bustles with travellers”. Every autumn, the

flowers fall, leaving their beautiful scent to drift with

the breeze. The scent is a blessing to all those reside in

Hangzhou and welcomes travelers from near and afar.

市花：桂花

The City Flower: Sweet-Scented Osmanthus

08

In China, the camphor tree is seen to epitomize the

richness of village landscapes, it carries Fengshui,

signifying longevity and good luck. Hangzhou is a

city naturally blessed in mountains and rivers, and

lush in old camphor trees. The camphor trees

pleasant scents can be smelt in late spring, which is

in their typical blooming cycle.

在中国民间，香樟被看成是一个村庄的景观

树、风水树、祖宗树，寓意长寿、吉祥如意，受

人敬仰。杭州钟灵毓秀，山水润泽，蓊蓊郁郁的

古樟遍植全城。每年暮春时节，樟树花开，暖风

送香，清新怡人。

市树：香樟

The City Tree: Camphor Tree

印象杭州 A Glimpse of Hangzhou

09

Hangzhou:

Culture and People

杭州历史悠久，人文丰赡，

早在 8000 多年前就创造了跨

湖桥文化，5000 多年前的良渚

文化，则被称为“中华文明的

曙光”。作为吴越西府、南宋行

在和明、清的浙江省会，历史

的印迹在这片土地上层层堆

叠，一砖一瓦、一街一巷都散

发着浓郁的文化气息。杭州同

时拥有璀璨的茶文化、丝绸文

化、中医文化、宗教文化等体

现中华文明成果的传统文化分

支，它们附着在杭州的老街古

巷中，隐匿于名山名刹里，留存

于文献典籍之上，与杭州同生

共长，成就杭州历史文化名城

的冠冕，熠熠生辉。

Hangzhou is a land of rich cultural

her itage s tretching back into

the depths of the past. Even as

early as Kuahuqiao civilization

with over 8,000 years of history,

and Liangzhu civilization with an

impressive 5,000 years, which was

previously believed to be the “the

dawn of Chinese civilization”. As

capital of the Wuyue Kingdom and

the Southern Song Dynasty and

Zhejiang’s capital in the Ming and

Qing Dynasties, Hangzhou has

gathered abundant historical and

cultural heritage. From the pebbles

of the footpath to the cornerstone

of the temple ever y thing that

comprises Hangzhou is saturated

in its cultural heritage. The rich

culture of Hangzhou is also found

in traditional tea culture, silk,

Chinese medicine and religion.

These aspects all embody the

achievements of Chinese civilization,

and are in fact the crowning aspects

of Hangzhou’s culture, only adding

to its brilliance.

杭州的文化，和两样东西密不可分，一是水，二是

玉。前者是杭州文化的外在体现，灵动诗意；后者是杭

州文化的内在品质，温润如玉。这两种文化的基因，可

追溯至杭州两大文化源头——跨湖桥文化和良渚文化。

Hangzhou's culture is the inseparable fusion of water and

jade. Water representing Hangzhou's fluidity and poetic

resonance. Jade a mark of Hangzhou's intrinsic soothing

qualities. Both can claim their long lineage from Hangzhou's

Kuahuqiao and Liangzhu cultures.

文脉悠远 1 Richness in Cultural History

舟声玉影，文明滥觞

Rowing Boats and Jades Shadow,

The Origin of Civilization

12

人文杭州 Hangzhou: Culture and People

⊙跨湖桥遗址位于萧山区城厢街道湘湖村，是因古湘湖

的上湘湖和下湘湖之间有一座跨湖桥而命名。跨湖桥遗

址的发现意义非凡，不仅让杭州拥有了 8000 年的历史

文化底蕴，同时把浙江文明史整整提前了 1000 年，打

破了原有的河姆渡文化、马家浜文化的两分体系，建立

起区域文化的多元格局。跨湖桥文化所创造的“文化之

最”也令人叹为观止，世界上最早的独木舟、世界上最

早的漆弓、中国最早的“草药罐”……这些对中华文明

的演进均作出了卓著的贡献。

The last surviving Kuahuqiao cultural relics were discovered

and excavated in Xiaoshan District's Chengxiang Community,

one of the small villages on the edge of Xianghu Lake. The

name Kuahuqiao comes from a great bridge that used to

span the upper and lower areas of the old Xianghu Lake. The

discovery of this ancient civilization is of no minor significance.

It not only shows Hangzhou as having cultural origins

spreading back over 8000 years, but also illustrates Zhejiang's

civilization as having a history 1000 years richer than

previously known. Furthermore, it shattered the illusion that

Zhejiang's culture was originally only limited to the Hemudu

and Majiabang cultures. Thus creating the awareness that

Zhejiang is in fact an area of vast cultural origins. Kuahuqiao

is a culture of firsts. The world’s first single hulled canoe,

the world’s first painted bow, and Chinese first herbal pot,

all state their origins to the breathtaking Kuahuqiao culture.

These led to great leaps forward in Chinese civilization.

世界上最早的独木舟

Kuahuqiao Cultural Remnants, the Civilization

of the world’s Earliest Single Hulled Canoe

跨湖桥文化遗址

13

Liangzhu Cultural Remnants,

the Dawn of Chinese Civilization

Liangzhu civilization was part of an ancient Neolithic culture that

spread across the whole Taihu Lake Basin in the southeastern part

of China, with the cultural relics found in Liangzhu being the most

noteworthy. They all dated back to 5,300–4,300 BC. Liangzhu culture

was the most developed prehistoric culture in the lower reaches of

the Yangtze River. In 2012 the Liangzhu Cultural sites were included in

China's short list of World Cultural Heritage Sites.

Liangzhu's jade being the most remarkable in prehistoric Chinese

culture due to its excellence in quantity, variety and delicacy, is

undoubtedly Liangzhu's most distinguished cultural relic. The jade

articles found in Liangzhu also solidified Liangzhu's position as the

leading jade culture among its contemporary tribes throughout China

and the Pacific Rim.

良渚文化遗址

中华文明的曙光

⊙良渚文化是一支分布在中国东南地区太湖流域的新石器文化类

型，代表遗址为良渚遗址，距今 5300—4300 年左右，是长江下游

地区最发达的史前文化。2012 年，良渚遗址被列入《中国世界文

化遗产预备名单》。

⊙良渚文化中最具特色的就是其中的玉器。良渚文化玉器，达到

了中国史前文化之高峰，其数量之众多、品种之丰富、雕琢之精湛，

在同时期中国乃至环太平洋拥有玉传统的部族中独占鳌头。而其

深涵的历史文化底蕴，更给世人带来了无限的遐想。

人文杭州 Hangzhou: Culture and People

Liangzhu Museum

Liangzhu Museum having been designed by David Chipperfield is piece of worldfamous architect. It was designed according to the concept of “Jade scattered across the

land”. The museum is composed of four long architectural complexes called “Houses

of Treasure”. Located amongst the mountains and surrounded by water, it blends in

perfectly with the surrounding nature. The exterior walls are covered with yellow

travertine stones in a simple, coarse but yet very regal style. This makes the museum

appear as if it were a large piece of carved jade when viewed from a distance.

良渚博物院

⊙良渚博物院出自国际著名设计师大卫・奇普菲尔德之手。以“一把玉锥

散落地面”为设计理念，由不完全平行的四个长条形建筑组成，被称为“收

藏珍宝的盒子”。整个馆依山而建，以水为景，山、水、馆自然交融，建

筑外墙全部用黄洞石砌成，简约粗犷而不失厚重大气，远看犹如玉质般浑

然一体。

15

杭州，于隋朝时定名，于唐朝时扬名。

隋唐两朝留给杭州的宝贵文化遗产，

“一河一堤”囊括了时代的精华。

“杭州”之名第一次出现就是在

隋朝史册上，那时候杭州城的雏形也刚

刚形成，依凤凰山而建，“周三十六里

九十步”，后来的杭州城就是在这个格

局上逐渐扩展延伸。

杭州在中国历史发展进程中占据举

足轻重的地位，归功于隋大业六年（610）

江南运河的开通。这条运河，全长 400

多千米，从江苏镇江起，经苏州、嘉兴

等地到达杭州。自此，拱宸桥成为大运

河的起讫点。因为这一条河，杭州成为

南北交流中南方的起点，在中国历史发

展进程中的地位也从此无可取代。

唐代开辟海上贸易，除广州、扬州

之外，杭州也成为通商口岸之一，内河

贸易和海上贸易都极繁忙，经济因之繁

荣。与此同时，杭州也迎来了历史上重

要的一个人——杭州著名的“市长”白

居易。在他的治理下，杭州不仅经济富盛，

繁荣滋长，更是声名鹊起，一跃成为世

人向往的胜地，西湖也在他的诗文宣扬下，

成为时常被文人墨客吟咏的对象。

到了唐朝末年，杭州已经发展成为南

方的“大都”、“名郡”。

The Beginnings of Hangzhou as a Metropolis

Links Back to the Sui and Tang Dynasties

大都名郡，梦启隋唐

16

人文杭州 Hangzhou: Culture and People

The name Hangzhou was recognized in Sui Dynasty and popularized during Tang Dynasty.

The Sui and Tang Dynasties left a huge legacy on Hangzhou, most notably embodied in “One

River, One Causeway”.

The name Hangzhou first appeared in Sui Dynasty when the city began to take shape around

Phoenix Mountain. At the time Hangzhou's city limits only fell a little wider than a circle of 18

kilometers circumference, and it later developed in this same rounded fashion.

Hangzhou’s important position in Chinese history is attributed to the opening of the southern tip

of the Grand Canal in 610, the 6th year of Daye's reign of Sui Dynasty. It was over 400 kilometres

long and connected Zhenjiang and Suzhou in Jiangsu Province all the way down to Jiaxing and

Hangzhou in Zhejiang Province with the Gongchen Bridge as the southern tip. The canal made

Hangzhou the southern starting point of cultural exchanges between Northern and Southern

China and has been playing an irreplaceable role in Chinese history ever since.

As a result marine trade started in the Tang Dynasty. In addition to Guangzhou in Gongdong

Province and Yangzhou in Jiangsu Province, Hangzhou became a major trading port for both land

and marine trade, which led to its flourishing prosperity. Meanwhile, it was blessed with the most

historic figure of all time, the renowned mayor Bai Juyi, under whose administration Hangzhou

became prosperous and rose to fame as a paradise. Under the publicity provided by Bai Juyi's

poems, Hangzhou became the fashionable object of praise by the literati of the time.

By the twilight of Tang Dynasty, Hangzhou was already the famous metropolis of the south.

白居易

⊙白居易（772—846），字乐天，号香山

居士，唐代著名诗人，于唐长庆二年（822）

赴任杭州刺史。白居易一生创作的诗歌中，

写西湖山水的诗有 200 余首，为历代写西

湖诗歌最多之人。西湖之名因他而确立。

Bai Juyi

Bai Juyi (772-846) with the literary name of

Letian (cheerfulness) was a renowned poet of

the Tang Dynasty. He took office as Hangzhou's

mayor in 822 the 2nd year of Changqing's reign

of Tang Dynasty. Over 200 of his poems were

devoted to Hangzhou’s landscape. This made him

unquestionably China's most prolific landscape poet

of all time. Much of West Lake's original fame also

stemmed from his poems.

17

唐末五代是中国历史上极度混乱的年代之一，王朝更迭，战乱频繁。

而此时杭州为吴越西府，在吴越王钱镠“善事中国，保境安民”的治理下，独享了

一段和平发展时期。

吴越国虽不算大，但自唐朝以来，便是中国精华所在。历经吴越国三代、五王共

七十多年的统治，杭州一时成为中国东南部经济繁荣和文化荟萃之地。欧阳修在《有美

堂记》里有这样的描述：“钱塘自五代时……不烦干戈。今其民幸富完安乐……十余万家，

环以湖山，左右映带，而闽商海贾，风帆浪舶，出入于江涛浩渺、烟云杳霭之间，可谓

盛矣！”

吴越国钱氏一系五位君王都笃信佛教，在杭州广建佛寺、佛塔，凿石窟，刻佛像，

从此西湖一带丛林云集，塔影婆娑，“东南佛国”之名不胫而走。如今杭州知名的古剎

名寺，如净慈寺、昭庆寺等，几乎都建于吴越国时期，当年修建的六和塔、雷峰塔、保

俶塔，如今已成为杭州著名的城市标志景观。

如今的“钱王祠”是后世对吴越国钱氏一系五位国王明智爱民之举的纪念。

三吴都会，自古繁华

The Ancient Magnificence

of Hangzhou

18

The Period from the end of the Tang Dynasty

through to the Five Dynasty period witnessed one

of the most chaotic times in Chinese history. It was

plagued by changing emperors and turbulent wars.

However, Hangzhou was the western capital of the

Wuyue Kingdom under the leadership of King Qian

Liu. With his policy of \"defending the border and

developing the economy\", Hangzhou was able to

enjoy a period of peaceful development.

Since Tang Dynasty, the albeit small Wuyue

Kingdom represented the quintessence and

strength of Chinese culture. It brought about

the rise of Hangzhou as a city with a prosperous

economy and dynamic culture. In his Magnificent

Landscapes Commanding Hall, Ouyang Xiu, a

historian and preeminent literati during the

Northern Song Dynasty wrote about Hangzhou.

He said, “since the Five Dynasties period, Qiantang

(present-day Hangzhou) has been rid of wars, its

people have been living a happy and wealthy life. It

is prosperous with over 100,000 households living

on the mountain ranges and around the West Lake.

Even the merchants from Fujian province come up

sailing amidst the waves of the Qiantang River.”

Five consecutive kings from the Wuyue Kingdom

were pious Buddhist believers. Therefore, they had

multiple temples, pagodas, grottoes and carved

Buddhas erected throughout Hangzhou. These in

turn inspired the popular nickname for Hangzhou

as \"the southeastern Buddhist Kingdom”. Many of

Hangzhou's most remarkable pagodas and temples

were built during this period, such as Liuhe Pagoda,

Leifeng Pagoda and Baochu Pagoda. They have all

吴越王钱镠

⊙钱镠 (852-932)，杭州临安人，

五代十国时期吴越国创建者。在位

期间，采取保境安民的政策，使当

时的杭州文士荟萃，经济繁荣，“钱

塘富庶盛于东南”。

King Qian Liu of the Wuyue

Kingdom

Qian Liu (852 - 932), who was born in

Lin’an, was the founder of the Wuyue

Kingdom. During the Five Dynasties

period and Ten Kingdom period (907-

960) he adopted the policy of “defending

the border and developing the economy”.

As such Hangzhou became a city where

the literati gathered and the economy

flourished. Hangzhou was therefore,

viewed as \"the most prosperous place in

the southeastern part of the kingdom”.

since become some of Hangzhou's landmark

scenic spots.

Qianwang Temple found next to West Lake

was also dedicated to the memory of the

same five kings for their love of the people.

北宋时期，杭州享有“东南第一州”的美誉，经

济繁荣，纺织、印刷、酿酒、造纸业都很发达，对外贸

易进一步发展，是全国四大商港之一，全国手工业中

心。北宋历任地方官十分重视对杭州的治理。元祐四

年（1089），著名诗人苏轼任杭州知州，再度疏浚西湖，

用所挖取的葑泥，堆成横跨南北的长堤（苏堤），上有

六桥，堤边植桃、柳、芙蓉，使西湖更加美化。

Throughout the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127)

Hangzhou was southeast China's top tier city. This was

due to its prosperous economy specifically in the areas

of textiles, printing, liquor making and papermaking.

It was also one of the nations four major international

ports. Good administration was viewed as the pillar of

this success. In 1089, the 4th year of Yuanyou's reign, the

eminent poet Su Shi became mayor of Hangzhou. Under

his administration West Lake was re-dredged and a long

causeway (Su Causeway) spanning from the northern to

southern banks was built out of the mud dug from West

Lake. Six bridges were constructed on the causeway.

Peach, willow and lotus trees were all planted on both

sides of the causeway adding to the beauty of the lake.

苏轼

⊙苏轼（1037-1101），字子瞻，

又字和仲，号东坡居士，世称苏东坡、

苏仙，“唐宋八大家之一”。北宋

元祐四年（1089）出任杭州知州，

其描写西湖的诗句“欲把西湖比西

子，淡妆浓抹总相宜”成为传世名句。

Su Shi

Su Shi (1037—1101) with the self

proclaimed name Dongpo Jushi (Eastern

Hill Hermit) and famous as Su Dongpo

(eastern hill) and Su Xian (superman) was

one of the Eight Great Literati of the Tang

and the Song Dynasties. He was appointed

mayor of Hangzhou in 1089. His poems

depicting West Lake as “a beauty to

rival Xi Shi (one of China's four ancient

beauties) who whether wearing light or

heavy make-up will always look gorgeous”.

The stanza has since become a household

expression.

沈括

⊙沈括 (1031-1095)，字存中，号

梦溪丈人，浙江杭州钱塘县人，北

宋政治家、科学家。他一生致力于

科学研究，被誉为“中国整部科学

史中最卓越的人物”，其名作《梦

溪笔谈》，集前代科学成就之大成，

在世界文化史上有着重要的地位。

Shen Kuo

Shen Kuo (1031—1095) self-named as

Mengxi Zhangren (old man dreaming of

a stream) was a statesman and scientist

born in Hangzhou during the Northern

Song Dynasty. He dedicated his entire life

to the development of scientific research

and was viewed as the most distinguished

Chinese figure in science. His masterpiece

the Mengxi Encyclopedia is a collection of

scientific achievements throughout the

previous Dynasties and is still of great

importance to world cultural history.

东南形胜，大宋遗梦

The Splendor of the

Southeast and the

Pearl of Song Dynasty

20

人文杭州 Hangzhou: Culture and People

南宋时，杭州开始进入历史上的鼎盛时期。宋室南渡，建炎三年（1129）升杭州

临安府，绍兴八年（1138）正式定都杭州，筑九里皇城，开十里天街，光城门就有 13 座。

随着北方人口大量南迁，杭州居民一时间以上百万计。与此同时，由于北方人口进入，

杭州人的性格、语言、饮食等多方面开始受到北方文化的影响，杭州文化也开始逐渐显

现出南北兼容、刚柔相济、包容并蓄的特点。

此时的杭州商业繁荣，人口兴盛。伴随着茶楼酒肆、勾栏瓦舍等娱乐场所的兴起，

说书、讲史、小说、唱曲、杂技、傀儡戏、影戏、杂剧等演出活动也丰富起来，形成百戏

伎艺争奇斗巧的局面，这为后来杭州民俗文化的积淀与发展奠定了基础。

而此时的西湖，地位也日趋重要。苏轼曾说：“杭州之有西湖，如人之有眉目。”西

湖在南宋不仅对农田水利有重大作用，也是风景优美的游览胜地、皇家的后花园。杭州

“西湖十景”在当时即声名远播，沿湖一带日日游人如织，热闹非凡。

作为中国历史上经济文化最发达的王朝之一，南宋时的杭州也因此从“东南第一

州”进一步成为南宋全国第一州。由于南宋繁荣富盛，因而此时杭州也是名副其实的

世界大都会。《梦粱录》、《武林旧事》、《都城纪胜》等书籍，都记载了南宋杭州的繁

盛。

During the Southern Song Dynasty Hangzhou reached its historical peak of prosperity.

In 1129, the 3rd year of Jianyan's reign, the imperial family moved southwards and Lin’an

Prefecture was established. In 1138, the 8th year of Shaoxing's reign, Hangzhou was officially

made capital of the country. Many large-scale city projects were carried out, for example,

a 4.5-km long city wall, a 5-km long royal road and 13 grand city gates. Owing to the influx

of population from the north Hangzhou's population swelled to well over one million.

The culture, food, and language of Hangzhou also underwent some radical changes as a

consequence. It became more of a blend between the North and South (viewed as the

masculine and feminine in Chinese philosophy).

Over this time Hangzhou enjoyed flourishing business and a booming population. A raft of

entertainment venues were built such as teahouses, taverns and theatres to accommodate

this new wave of commerce and people. The theatres showed multiple varieties of

recreational shows, for example: story telling, acrobatics, puppet plays, shadow plays and

dramas. These all would become the foundation of Hangzhou's distinctive local culture.

West Lake as such gained an increasing importance. Poet and mayor Su Shi remarked:

“The West Lake is to Hangzhou what eyebrows are to humans.” West Lake was not only

important to Hangzhou because it provided irrigation and a water reserve for the people,but

it also held massive appeal due to its scenery. It was view as the royal families back garden.

The \"Top Ten Scenes of West Lake\" were also made famous at the time and have since

attracted tourists from all over China and the world.

During the Southern Song Dynasty Hangzhou's economy and culture were the most

advanced in Chinese history. Hangzhou, which was formerly Southeast China’s top tier city,

became the top tier city throughout all of China. As the Southern Song Dynasty was so

prosperous, Hangzhou became one of the great metropolises of the world, noted in many

books of the time.

21

南宋官窑

⊙南宋建都杭州时，建立修内司、郊坛下窑，生产宫廷专用御品，故称“南宋官

窑”。南宋官窑所产瓷器继承了五代以来越窑与北宋官窑的优良基因，拥有紫口

铁足、胎薄釉厚、釉色粉青、开有纹片的特点。后因南宋王朝覆灭、官窑被毁而

杭州孔庙

⊙杭州孔庙（碑林）原为南宋最高学府——太庙所在地，始建于宋高宗绍兴元

年（1131），现位于杭州市上城区府学巷 8 号，西湖东南侧吴山脚下。杭州孔

庙收藏着唐代至民国期间各类珍贵碑石 420 多块，具有极高的历史研究价值和

卓越的文化艺术价值，因此，杭州孔庙又被誉为一座融历史、科学、文化与艺

术为一体的“石质书库”。

Hangzhou’s Confucius Temple

Hangzhou is home to The Confucian temple \"Forest of stone

tablets\", which is also the site of an ancestral shrine which used

to be the highest institution of learning in the Southern Song

Dynasty. It was built in 1131 the 1st year of Shaoxing's reign and

located at No. 8 Fuxue lane, Shangcheng district, at the foot of

Mount Wu on the southeastern bank of West Lake. The Temple

is known as a stone library of great value. It holds many volumes

on history, science, culture and art with a collection of over 420

rare tablets inscribed from the Tang Dynasty all the way through

to the Republic Period of China.

失传。新中国成立后，在周恩来总理的重视下恢复生产，通过研究

仿制，再现了南宋官窑青瓷的风采。

South Song Official Kilns

After Hangzhou became capital of the Southern Song Dynasty The Xiuneisi

and Jiaotanxia kilns (Southern Song official kilns) were set up to produce daily

china for the imperial household. Inheriting the good attributes of the china

produced in The Yue kiln and Northern Song official kilns the china produced

in the Southern Song kilns featured: purple mouth rims, unglazed feet, thick

glaze on the thin china and other pink green crackled glazing. But with the

destruction of the official kilns after the fall of the Southern Song these fine

pieces of china all but disappeared. However, under Premier Zhou Enlai’s

support after the founding of the PRC, china began to be produced again

based on extensive research and imitation. This was a big revival of the brilliant

craftsmanship of Southern Song Dynasty.

22

人文杭州 Hangzhou: Culture and People

在西方世界，对杭州最美的褒奖应该就是出自意大利

马可・波罗惊叹的“世界上最美丽华贵之天城”。

元代的杭州是江浙行省的省会，经济上仍是全国和世

界上的大都会，“城宽、地阔、人烟稠集”。元朝中叶，对外

贸易主要依靠海运，杭州的地位显得更加重要，金银、铜

钱、铁器、丝织品、瓷器、茶叶等各种货物由此输往海外，

世界各国的香料和各种宝物也由此散及全国，杭州成为商

贾辐辏、物阜民丰之地，是当时对外贸易的重要港口之一。

The best compliment of Hangzhou by popular western figure

was definitely by Marco Polo the Italian traveler who acclaimed

Hangzhou as “the most magnificent heavenly city in the

world”.

During the Yuan Dynasty, Hangzhou was the spacious and

yet densely populated capital of Jiangzhe Province, as well

as one of the worlds great economic metropolises. Its

dynamic economic power came under display during the

middle of the Yuan Dynasty when foreign trade relied

heavily on marine transportation. Hangzhou exported

large amounts of gold, silver, copper, iron,

silk, porcelain and tea; with spices and

jewels being the main import. Hangzhou being

a place of natural abundance and affluence

attracted many merchants. It became one of

China's main ports for international trade.

美丽华贵，人间天城

A Glamorous Paradise

23

黄公望：

⊙元代著名的画家，与吴镇、倪瓒、王蒙合称“元代四大画家”。其代

表作《富春山居图》以富春江为背景，全图用墨淡雅，山和水的布置疏

密得当，墨色浓淡干湿并用，极富于变化，被称为“中国十大传世名画”

之一。

Huang Gongwang

Huang Gongwang was a distinguished painter during the Yuan Dynasty. Huang

Gongwang, Wu Zhen, Ni Zan and Wang Meng were renowned as the “Four Great

Painters of the Yuan Dynasty”. His masterpiece Hermitage in the Fuchun Mountains

was set against the background of Fuchun River. Its distinctive features are simple but

with elegant use of colors, mountains and water. It is remarkable due to the beauty of

its proportions and changing ink shading. It is viewed as one the top ten most famous

Chinese paintings of all time.

24

人文杭州 Hangzhou: Culture and People

明清时期，杭州依然是首屈一指的大城市，成化《杭州

府志》序 :“吾杭为东南江海重藩，会区土地之广，人民之众，

物产之富贵，贡赋之重，山川清淑，人物英明，宫屋城池之壮，

商贾货财之聚，为列郡雄。”

明清五百多年，杭州除了是“东南财赋地”，更是“江浙

人文薮”。繁荣的经济和相对平稳的社会环境对杭州文化思

想和文学艺术的鼎盛起到了推波助澜的作用，在医药、数学、

天文、化学等诸多领域，都成就非凡。

明清两代的杭州都十分重视文化教育，建有数量众多的

书院，例如明代有“万松书院”、“吴山书院”、“天真书院”、

“两峰书院”等，清代有“敷文书院”、“崇文书院”、“紫阳

书院”、“诂经精舍”等。这些书院的设立对杭州的人才培养、

文脉传承起了积极的作用。

清行宫遗址

⊙清行宫位于孤山南麓中部，

南临西湖，是清代多位帝王出

行西湖时的居住之地，始建于

清康熙四十四年（1705）。

The Remains of the Qing

Imperial Palace

The Qing Dynasties temporary

imperial palace in the middle of the

southern side of The Solitary Hill to

the north of West Lake was built in

1705. It served as the palace of the

Qing emperors on their tours to

Hangzhou.

文澜阁《四库全书》

⊙《四库全书》是乾隆皇帝组

织编撰的一部大型丛书，收录

中国历代主要典籍三千五百多

种，共抄写七部，其中一部赐

给浙江，藏于杭州文澜阁。

Four Branches of Literature

in Wenlan Library

Emperor Kangxi had the voluminous

Four Branches of Literature compiled.

It comprises over 3,500 of the

different major Chinese classics of

all time. There were seven copies of

them produced at the time. One of

which was granted to Zhejiang and

is now in collection in Hangzhou’s

Wenlan Library.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Hangzhou was the largest

city in the country and as stated in the preface to Annals of

Hangzhou Prefecture “Hangzhou is the most important city in

the southeastern coastal area. It is an image of excellence with

its vast land, large population, abundant resources, splendid

mountains, rivers, philosophers, grand houses and city walls, as

well as its throngs of merchants”.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties (A period lasting roughly

500 years), Hangzhou was not only prosperous, but was even

more so a hub of Chinese culture. Prosperity and social stability

were catalysts to this flourishing development in culture,

ideology, literature and the arts. In addition, great achievements

were made in the fields of: medicine, mathematics, astronomy

and chemistry to name but a few.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, much importance was

attached to education. As such,many learning centers were

established throughout Hangzhou, such as, Wansong Academy,

Wushan Academy, Tianzhen Academy and Liangfeng Academy

(Ming Dynasty), Fuwen Academy, Chongwen Academy, Ziyang

Academy and Gujing Academy (Qing Dynasty). These schools all

helped to develop Hangzhou’s rich talent and cultural heritage.

25

辛亥革命前后，杭州开始涌现大批有志之士，创办文学报刊，引入世界潮

流，革故鼎新，开启民智。这些进步人士大多成为中国近代文化史上的佼佼者，

例如“诗界革命”的倡导者夏曾佑，著名学者章太炎等。“五四运动”之后，更

是有大批文化人士前来杭州，新文学前辈作家鲁迅、朱自清、叶圣陶等先后来

杭州任教，著名的杭州本土文学家郁达夫、夏衍、戴望舒、施蛰存等，也以自己

的创作和理论，为中国文化做出贡献。

作为全国学术活动的重要地区，当时的杭州出现了一批进步的学术团体。

一些爱国知识分子为了提倡科学、传授知识、发展文化教育和科学事业，建

立各类群众性学术团体。一些主要的全国性学术团体也在杭州建立分支机构，

并多次在杭州召开年会及开展学术活动。据现有资料，民国时期杭州曾建立过

学术团体（包括全国性学术分支机构）近三十个，其中知名团体有“天下第一

社”西泠印社、杭州商学会、浙江教育会等。

民国时期杭州人文鼎盛，是杭州历史上浓墨重彩的一笔，遗风流韵，一直

影响至今。

Before and after the Revolution of 1911, there appeared in Hangzhou a host

of people with lofty ideals. They created literary magazines that ushered in

world trends and reforms with the intention of enlightening China. Most of the

progressives, for example, Xia Zengyou advocator of the \"poetic revolution\" and

Zhang Taiyan a preeminent scholar both turned out to be very influential figures

in the modern history of Chinese culture. After the May Fourth Movement

more literati had teaching positions in Hangzhou, e.g, Lu Xun, Zhu Ziqing and Ye

Shengtao. They were all forerunners of new literature. In addition, some local

Hangzhou writers: Yu Dafu, Xia Yan, Dai Wangshu and Shi Zhecun also made

important literary and theoretical contributions to Chinese culture.

Hangzhou was a central area for national academic activities. At the time there

were some progressive and patriotic academic individuals that established many

new academic communities to advance science, knowledge, education and culture.

Some major national academic institutions had their branches set up in Hangzhou.

They would hold annual conferences and academic activities in them. The existent

literature demonstrates that during the Republic period there were nearly thirty

academic communities in Hangzhou. The most famous of which was the Xiling SealEngravers’ Society. It was renowned as the \"No. 1 Society in the World\" according

to the Hangzhou Society of Commerce and Zhejiang Association of Education.

The Republic period witnessed a cultural flourishing of Hangzhou and its influence

has remained until this day.

文海观澜，人文鼎盛

Sea of Literature

and Flourishing Culture

26

人文杭州 Hangzhou: Culture and People

西泠印社

⊙ 西 泠 印 社， 创 建 于 清 光 绪 三 十 年

（1904），由浙派篆刻家丁辅之、王福庵、

吴隐、叶为铭发起创建，吴昌硕为第

一任社长。以“保存金石，研究印学，

兼及书画”为宗旨，是海内外研究金

石篆刻历史最悠久、成就最高、影响

最广的国际性研究印学、书画的民间

艺术团体，有“天下第一名社”之誉。

李叔同、黄宾虹、马一浮、丰子恺、

吴湖帆、商承祚等近代名人均曾为西

泠印社社员。

Xiling Seal-Engravers’ Society

Xiling Seal-Engravers’ Society was set up in 1904. It was initiated

by the Zhejiang seal-cutters Ding Fuzhi, Wang Fu’an, Wu Yin, Ye

Weiming and Wu Changshuo. Its main the objectives included

the preserving of inscriptions on ancient bronze and stone

tablets, painting, calligraphy and also the researching of the seal

art. The society is the international folk art organization with

the longest history and most tangible achievements. It has even

attained the name of the most renowned society in the world.

Among its members were modern celebrities: Li Shutong,

Huang Binhong, Ma Yifu, Feng Zikai, Wu Hufan and Shang

Chengzuo to name but a few.

27

精致和谐，大气开放

Exquisite Harmony

and Generous Liberality

杭州在历史上创造过经济发展的辉煌，人文事业的鼎盛，如今又成

就了新的传奇。今天的杭州，是浙江省的省会和经济、文化、科教中心，

协调发展，规划合理，整洁有序，文明守礼，曾获得联合国人居奖、国际

花园城市、东方休闲之都、中国十大最具经济活力城市、中国最具幸福

感城市等荣誉称号。历史上的杭州曾是中国古都、中国茶都、丝绸之府、

东南佛都，如今的杭州则是中国跨境电子商务综合试验区，是国家自主

创新示范区，以“工艺与民间艺术之都”加入联合国教科文组织“全球

创意城市网络”， 是全球首批加入学习型城市网络的城市。孕育了阿里

巴巴的杭州，正全力共建共享历史文化名城、创新活力之城、东方品质

之城，努力建成美丽中国的样本，朝着建设世界名城的目标大步迈进。

人文杭州 Hangzhou: Culture and People

Hangzhou with its historically brilliant economy and cultural contribution is

now making it becoming a new legend from its achievements. As the political,

economic, cultural and financial center of Zhejiang, Hangzhou has coordinated

development, reasoned planning, structure and is very courteous. It has won

numerous awards, e.g. UN Habitat Award, The International Garden City,

The Oriental Leisure City, one of the Top Ten Most Economically Vibrant

Cities and the award for Happiest City in China. Historically, it was the capital

of ancient China, the home of Chinese tea and silk, The Buddhist city of

southeastern China. Today it is now one of China's Cross Border E-Commerce

Comprehensive Experimental Zones and the National Independent Innovation

Demonstration Zone. It has been admitted into the UNESCO \"Global Creative

City Network\" as a capital of craft and folk arts. It is among the first cities in the

UNESCO global network of \"learning cities\". Currently, Hangzhou home of the

Alibaba Group is endeavoring to build itself into a city to match the richness of

its cultural history, a city of creative vitality, the highest quality oriental city and

a model city in the national construction of a splendid China. It aims to become

one of the great international metropolises.

29

中国为茶的故乡，杭州是茶的闺房。杭州襟江带湖，气候温润，光照充

足，土质微酸，拥有茶叶生产的极佳条件，自古以来都是名茶的产区。

杭州茶的历史，最早可追溯到唐代，茶圣陆羽曾在他的著作《茶经》

中记载了当时杭州天竺、灵隐二寺出产茶叶的事迹。北宋年间，杭州的“香

林茶”、“白云茶”、“宝云茶”位列皇室贡品之中。南宋定都临安（今杭州）

后，杭州的茶事更为兴盛，全城茶肆遍布，饮茶之风盛行。元朝时，龙井附近

所产的茶叶开始初露头角，及至明朝，龙井茶开始走出寺院，进入普通老百

姓的茶盏，龙井之名也逐渐彰显。到了清朝，乾隆帝更是对龙井茶青睐有加，

曾四次来到西湖龙井观看制茶，品茶赋诗，相传狮峰山下胡公庙前的十八棵

“御茶”就是乾隆所封。

杭州所产之茶多为绿茶，这其中最具盛名的莫过于位列中国名茶之首

的西湖龙井茶。龙井茶色泽翠绿，香气浓郁，甘醇爽口，形如雀舌，有“色绿、

香郁、味甘、形美”四绝的特点。

在杭州还有一款著名的红茶——九曲红梅，生产已有两百多年历史，早

在 1886 年，就曾获巴拿马世界博览会金奖。九曲红梅茶形如银钩，细若发

丝，色泽乌润，香气芬馥，汤色鲜亮，叶底红艳，入口有桂圆香，回味无穷。

文韵璀璨 2 Brilliant Culture

茶·馨

Tea

30

人文杭州 Hangzhou: Culture and People

China is the home of tea and Hangzhou is the best tea growing

location in China. This is owing to the pleasant location

surrounded by water, high humidity, adequate sunshine and its

acidic soil.

The cultivation of tea dates back to the Tang Dynasty. The

Classic of Tea by Lu Yu (a tea master) records how tea was

grown in the Tianzhu Temple and the Lingyin Temple in

Hangzhou. During the Northern Song Dynasty, Hangzhou’s

Xianglin Tea, Baiyun Tea and Baoyun Tea were among royal

tributes. After Lin’an (present-day Hangzhou) was made

capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, its tea business thrived,

with teahouses scattered across the city and drinking tea

becoming very fashionable. In Yuan Dynasty tea began to be

grown around Longjing area (Hangzhou) and it was not until

Ming Dynasty that Longjing Tea began to be drank outside of

the temples and moved into every household. Its fame grew

steadily. During the Qing Dynasty, Emperor Qianlong was an

avid fan of Longjing Tea and made four visits to inspect the tea

making as well as enjoy the tea, even writing poems about it. It

is said that Emperor Qianlong conferred a royal title on the 18

tea plants that stand in front of Hu Gong Temple at the foot of

Mount Lion.

Tea grown in Hangzhou is mostly green tea and the most

renowned is West Lake Longjing Tea. Its distinctive features

are its green color, fragrance, sweetness and beautiful shape

that rank it as the finest among all famous Chinese teas. After

the founding of the PRC, Longjing Tea has long been presented

as the tea for diplomatic gifts.

Hangzhou is also famous for Jiuqu Hongmei tea, a kind of black

tea about 200 years old. In 1886, it won the gold award at the

Panama World Expo. It is shaped like fine strokes of thin hair

and characterized by its dark luster, fragrance, red underside

and a lingering after-taste.

31

丝·柔

Silk

杭州自古素有“丝绸之府”的美誉，蚕桑丝绸文化源远流长。

钱山漾遗址中曾出土过距今 4600 年前一块灰褐颜色、薄如蝉翼

的丝织品，其工艺之高超，令世人惊叹，证明早在新石器时代，杭州良

渚的先民就已经掌握了种桑、养蚕、缫丝、织帛的技艺。

在唐朝，杭州生产的绫类有“天下为冠”的盛誉，白居易诗“红袖

织绫夸柿蒂，青旗沽酒趁梨花”就描写了当时杭州丝织品的高超技艺。

南宋时期，杭州丝绸生产更为繁荣，技艺更为高超，一度出现了“机

杼之声，比户相闻”，“都民女士，罗绮如云”的欣荣景象。13 世纪意

大利著名旅行家马可・波罗在《马可・波罗游记》中这样记载当时的杭

州：“生产大量的丝绸，当地居民中大多数的人，总是浑身绫绢，遍体

锦绣。”到了清代，杭州官府织造局与江宁（南京）、苏州织造局并称

“江南三织造”，实际织造缎匹数量又以杭州局居首。及至近代，杭

州又涌现了一大批最早的知名丝绸工业企业，例如 1922 年创立的都

锦生丝织厂 ，是当时中国最大的丝绸工艺品生产出口企业。

杭州气候温暖湿润，利于蚕桑生长，生产出的蚕丝品质很高。如

今，常年生产绸、缎、棉、纺、绉、绫、罗等十四个大类，两百多个品种，

两千余个花色，远销世界一百多个国家和地区。衍生的丝绸制品，如

著名的西湖绸伞、绸扇，不仅丰富着杭州人的生活情趣，也是游客来

杭必买的纪念品。

32

Hangzhou with its long history of silk culture has been acclaimed as the home of silk

since ancient times.

In the Qianshanyang remains of Liangzhu Culture, a 4,600-year old greyish brown and

thin piece of silk was found and excavated. It shows amazing craftsmanship indicating

that the forefathers of Liangzhu as early as in the Neolithic Age had already mastered

the techniques of mulberry cultivation, silkworm rearing, silk reeling and silk weaving.

During the Tang Dynasty, Hangzhou’s silk was famed as the best in the world and the

stanza “In spring women weave silk proudly and tourists drink in teahouses” by Tang

poet Bai Juyi describe vividly Hangzhou’s superb silk-weaving techniques. In the Southern

Song Dynasty, silk production in Hangzhou further boomed with new improved

silk-weaving techniques. This is shown clearly by the sentiments of the time; “every

household is involved in the art of silk weaving” and “all female residents are cloaked

in silk”. In Travel Notes of Marco Polo, the Italian traveler of the 13th century it gives

an account of Hangzhou that describes how silk was turned out in large quantity and

most of the local residents were dressed in silk. During the Qing Dynasty, Hangzhou

governmental Textile Bureau and its Jiangning (Nanjing) and Suzhou counterparts were

called the three southern hearts of textiles, and Hangzhou’s was far and away the top

silk producer amongst them. In modern times, numerous famous silk enterprises have

arisen in Hangzhou. For example, Dujinsheng Textile Factory, which was set up in 1922

quickly became the biggest silk production and export business company in China at the

time.

Hangzhou having been blessed with a climate of plentiful sunshine and decent rainfall is

very suitable for the growth of mulberries and therefore silkworms. These qualities are in

fact essential to all quality textiles. Today the textiles of Hangzhou fall into 14 categories

including satin, silk, cotton, spinning, crepe, ling, luo and over 200 types with more than

2,000 designs exported to over 100 countries and regions. Silk derived products such as

West Lake parasols and silk fans also enrich the life of the people of Hangzhou and are

fantastic souvenirs for tourists that come to Hangzhou.

杭州山水灵秀，是宗教修行的绝佳场所，自古以来，西湖周

山丛林云集，塔影婆娑。翻开西湖的湖山，就是一部佛教的历史。

杭州佛教始传于东晋，咸和三年 (328) 创建的灵隐寺是杭

州最早的古刹，至今已有 1600 多年历史。五代吴越国时期，奉

行“信佛顺天”，时有“东南佛国”之称，是杭州佛教发展的一

个高峰点，雷峰塔就是吴越国时期所建；北宋时，杭州寺庙已有

360 座，到了南宋，增至 480 座，是杭州佛教发展的另一个黄金

时期，其中灵隐寺、净慈寺位列当时的禅宗五大丛林。元明清时

期，杭州佛教发展有所式微，但是总体规模仍呈发展势态。迨至

民国，杭州北山路一带依然寺庙林立，蔚为壮观。

杭州在佛教发展过程中，形成北山、南山两大寺庙群。在北

山，以灵隐寺为首，分布着三天竺、永福寺、韬光寺等寺庙，其中

灵隐寺至今仍是中国香火最旺的寺庙之一；在南山，以净慈寺为

中心，寺庙林立，梵呗相闻，被称为“佛国山”。

杭州佛教的影响深远，辐射至日本、韩国以及东南亚地区。

创建于距今 1200 余年前的径山寺，除了是佛教中国化之后最后

的高峰，同时也是日本临济宗的祖庭道场，在日本享有盛名。

由于杭州地处东南沿海，千百年来，杭州佛教与各国佛教长

期保持友好往来，在新时期，依然为加强世界佛教的国际交往、

维护世界和平做着贡献。

禅·意

Zen Buddhism

人文杭州 Hangzhou: Culture and People

With its splendid landscape, Hangzhou is a

remarkable place for religious practice. West Lake

has been surrounded by famous temples since

ancient times and has witnessed the development

of Buddhism in China.

Buddhism was spreaded to Hangzhou during

the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Lingyin Temple is the

oldest temple in Hangzhou. It was set up in 328,

the 3rd year of emperors Xianhe's reign. In the

Five Dynasties and the Wuyue Kingdom period,

owing to peoples belief in Buddhism and natural

laws ,Hangzhou was famed as the southeastern

Buddhist city. Leifeng Pagoda (a famous pagoda

on the edge of West Lake) was later built at the

cultural peak of Buddhism in Hangzhou. Another

historical milestone of Buddhism in Hangzhou was

during the Northern Song Dynasty when there

were 360 temples and then again in the Southern

Song Dynasty when another 120 more temples

were built. Lingyin Temple and Jingci Temple are

among the top five main Zen temples of eastern

China. During the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties,

Buddhism in Hangzhou was generally on the

decline; however, during the Republic period, there

were still many temples to be found on North Hill

Road.

The Buddhist development in Hangzhou took place

most prominently on North and South Hill with

clusters of temples there. North Hill hosts Lingyin

Temple which includes the three Tianzhu Temples,

Yongfu Temple and Taoguang Temple, which is

amongst the most popular temples in China. Other

temples were also densely scattered around Jingci

Temple on the South Hill with scripture claiming it

as \"The Hill of the Buddhism Kingdom\".

Buddhism in Hangzhou exerted great influence on

Japan, South Korea and Southeast Asian countries.

Jingshan Temple, which was established 1,200 years

ago was the last peak of naturalized Buddhism

and enjoyed great fame in Japan as the ancestral

chamber of Rinzai School.

Located in the southeastern coastal area,

Hangzhou has kept close ties with other countries

in the Buddhist world for over a thousand

years. Furthermore, Hangzhou is still making

contributions to world peace today by promoting

Buddhis t communication among dif ferent

countries.

35

民·风

Folk Culture

白居易·《正月十五日夜月》

灯火家家市，笙歌处处楼。无妨思帝里，不合厌杭州。

杭州自古以来就是民俗民间文化丰富的地区。

明朝田汝成的《西湖游览志》和张岱的《陶庵梦忆》、《西湖梦寻》

中都以游记的形式，详尽地记叙了宋、明杭州的岁时、婚丧、礼仪、信

仰等风俗风尚。马可・波罗的游记中也记录了元代杭州的繁华景象和

民俗风情，他在文中写道“北市之殷富与民俗之善良，固不可以言语形

容也”。清朝范祖述的《杭俗遗风》，以十二大类一百八十条，对清代杭

州的社会风俗作了详尽记录。他在自序中说杭州“四时行乐，靡丽纷华，

诚有无美不备，应接不暇者”。

随着历史变迁，杭州的民俗文化逐渐丰富和衍变，形成杭州独具

的江南特色。如今，杭州民俗民风依然延续在杭州人的生活中，西湖香

市、吴山庙会、花朝节等传统依然是杭州人民的盛会；吴山脚下、清河

坊等地，将传统的民间文化、民间艺术搬上街头，成为杭州民俗的大观

园；西湖边还演绎着武林调，运河边小热昏热闹非凡，白娘子和许仙的

故事还依然口口相传……这些多姿多彩、内涵丰富的民俗文化，是杭州

独特魅力的重要组成部分。

The Evening of the 15th Day of the First Lunar Month (A poem by Bai Juyi)

Everywhere are melodies heard and lanterns lit.

One cannot but think on Hangzhou and appreciate it.

Hangzhou has a rich folk culture stretching back to antiquity.

During the Ming Dynasty, Tour of West Lake by Tian Rucheng, Dreamland of Zhejiang and

Recollections of West Lake by Zhang Dai all gave detailed accounts of Hangzhou's varied social

conventions and practices in the form of travel journals. These included the conventions and

practices at festivals, weddings, funerals, rituals, and even detailed many popular beliefs. In Travel

Notes of Marco Polo he wrote “the affluence and kindness of Hangzhou's residents are simply

beyond description”. Local Culture in Hangzhou by Fan Zusu of the Qing Dynasty classified

Hangzhou’s social customs into 180 practices and 12 categories (all with detailed accounts). His

preface said Hangzhou is a place “where people live in happiness and affluence amidst barrages

of natural beauty”.

The local culture has undergone many changing periods during its history and has been

diversified with unique features particular to the area South of the Yangtze River. Traditional

festivals like The West Lake Fair, Wushan Temple Fair and The Flower Festival are among the

most popular social events in Hangzhou. As some of Hangzhou's grand cultural gardens the

areas at the foot of Mount Wu and Hefang Street often hosts performances

imbued with traditional culture and folk arts. H a n g z h o u i s u n i q u e l y

fascinating due to its diversified social events and multilayered cultural

connotations represented by The Wulin Opera at West Lake, street rap

performances at the Grand Canal and popular performance of \"Romance of

Snake White and Xu Xian\".

杭州话

⊙杭州话是杭州独特而宝贵的文化遗产。南宋定都杭州，带来了

北方文化，杭州话在保持本地方言的同时又深受北方话的影响，

在语音语法上都发生了改变，表现出许多与周边地区方言不一样

的特点。例如：杭州话中的“三座门”——你们，我们，他们，

在周边吴语系方言中从未有此用法；杭州话中也多“儿”化音，

小伢儿、花儿等发音，令杭州话听上去别具趣味。

Hangzhou Dialect

The Hangzhou dialect is a valuable cultural heritage. After Hangzhou became

the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, the northern culture came with it.

This began to influence the Hangzhou dialect in the areas of phonetics and

vocabulary while the core of the Hangzhou dialect was still kept intact. This

dialect shows features distinguishable from those of the neighboring Wu

dialects, e.g. the plural forms of “you”, “us” and “them” in Hangzhou dialect

have the curled “r” pronunciations exemplified by “Xiao ya’er” (meaning

child) and “hua’er” (meaning flowers), which give Hangzhou's dialect a very

distinctive flavor.

武林调

⊙武林调又名杭剧，用杭州话演唱，源于宣卷（宣讲宝卷的简称 )。

由于曲调、词句通俗，易被群众接受，清末民初起，其逐渐在杭

城内外广为流行。

Wulin Opera

Wulin Opera (Hangzhou Opera) is a performance done entirely in the

Hangzhou dialect. It evolved out of Xuanjuan, a rap performance of Buddhist

scriptures. Due to its simple melodies and expressions, the opera was widely

accepted and gained popularity both in and out of Hangzhou at the turn of

Qing Dynasty and the Republic period.

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杭州中医文化源远流长，生生不息。早在新石器时代的跨湖桥文化

就出现了中国最早的“草药罐子”；相传黄帝时代，隐居于桐庐的药学家

桐君曾撰写了《桐君采药录》；东晋时著名的道家葛洪则结庐于葛岭炼丹、

制药。纵观杭州的历史，中医荟萃，世家居多，南宋时最盛。到清代已经出

现了足以撑起江南药市的六大家：胡庆余堂、叶种德堂、张同泰、万承志

堂、泰山堂以及方回春堂。

其中最为著名的就是创建于 1874 年的胡庆余堂，与北京同仁堂齐名，

有“北有同仁堂，南有庆余堂”一说。胡庆余堂经营有道，始终秉承“戒

欺”祖训、“真不二价”的经营方针，因疗效卓著、诚信立本而享誉海内外，

享有“江南药王”之称。如今，胡庆余堂依然每天开门问诊，传承着古老而

精深的中医文化，延续着百年来的传统和使命。除此之外，方回春堂、万

承志堂、张同泰等传统中医馆也依然对杭州人有着深刻的影响。

如今，杭州的中医养生旅游初具规模，除了传统中医老字号聚集地河

坊街之外，还有 2014 年开业的五柳巷中医街，位于运河畔的桥西历史街

区也是杭州一条极具特色的中医街，每年都吸引着大量的游客。

医·道

Medicine

The Culture of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) in Hangzhou has a long

dynamic history. As early as the Kuahuqiao Culture from the Neolithic Age,

the first Chinese herb pots were used. A common legend goes that Tong Jun,

a recluse pharmacist of Tonglu living in the age of Emperor Huang (one of the

forefathers of China), wrote Tong Jun’s Accounts of Herb Picking. Then during the

Eastern Jin Dynasty, Ge Hong, a famous Taoist had a small cabin built on the

Ge Ridge to practice alchemy and make drugs. As this illustrates the history

of Hangzhou is full of TCM doctors, they were most commonly found in the

Southern Song Dynasty. During the Qing Dynasty the TCM markets of the

south were separated into six major areas: Huqingyu Hall, Yezhongde Hall,

Zhangtongtai Hall, Wanchengzhi Hall, Taishan Hall and Fanghuichun Hall.

Huqingyu Hall was established in 1874. It is the most renowned of the six halls

and comparable to Beijing's Tongren Hall, hence the saying “Beijing Tongren Hall

in the north and Huqingyu Hall in the south”. Abiding by its ancestral principle of

“honesty” and ardently adhering to its business code of a single price for the same

high quality medicine, Huqingyu Hall became world-acclaimed as the Medical

King of the south. The medicine was both effective and the hall was praised for its

integrity. Today it continues to provide patients with daily diagnosis, sharing the

wisdom and tradition of old TCM. The other clinics also still play an important

role in Hangzhou citizens’ life.

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