1. 宏村

宏村位于黟县县城东北 10 公里，背山面水，风景优美。村中的人工水系独具匠

心,水圳绕家串户，与村中央的月沼、村南面的南湖相互贯通，形成山、水、人家

相协调的人居环境。宏村美丽的湖沼景观、特色鲜明的古民居、宁静的古街巷，

与幽雅的山水背景，构成绝佳的乡村图画，堪称中国古村落的典范。

Hongcun Village is located about 10 kilometers (6 miles) off the northeast part of

Yixian County.Encircled by green hills, two streams run through the village.

Morning mists, gray tiles, white walls, stone bridges, water lily ponds, and hills at

the background, are all elements of traditional Chinese landscape paintings.

Hongcun village has all of these features, and has been named “a village in

Chinese painting”. Hongcun is unique among all Chinese villages for its

sophisticated water system. Water is the main feature in this village. Its two large

ponds are connected to a series of flowing streams which pass by every house,

providing water for washing, cooking, and bathing. Hongcun's marvelous lake

view, unique architectural features of local residences and tranquil lanes present

tourists a typical representative of chinese ancient village.

2. 巷弄交错

山多地狭的地缘因素和聚族而居的血缘关系，形成徽州村落街巷密集、幽深多变

的空间特色。村落建筑群体由曲折幽深的巷道分割或相通，巷道狭窄。在巷弄的

拐角处，往往多有人性化的设计。街巷路面多用石板铺砌。街巷两边的建筑，有

大小繁简不同的门楼或门罩，高低错落的马头山墙、曲折的墙面和形态各异的小

窗，给人以步移景换的感觉。

Narrow and winding lanes are the distinct feature of Huizhou ancient villages.

They keep the widely scattered residential buildings connected within the same

village. Many turning points of the lanes tend to have some novel and creative

designing elements. Besides, the lanes are normally installed with crude pavingstone appealing to our eyes. What is more, the houses on both sides together

with the doors, walls, and windows of different sizes, make it pleasant to our eyes.

3. 石敢当

石敢当为长方形石碑，通常被置于村落入口处、河流池槽边、门前巷口、三叉路

口直冲处等，有的镶嵌在墙中，有的独立效置。这是一种民间辟邪慎煞之物。相

传黄帝时蚩尤残暴，登临泰山，声称天下无人敢当。女婿投所炼补天石以制其晕，

肯尤畏惧。后人道佣“泰山石敢当”以为镇那神石。

Shi-gan-dang is an ornamental stone tablet. usually placed at the entrance of

villages, near rivers and ponds. in front of house gates, lane intersections or threeway junctions, especially in the crossing, which is often considered a place of bad

fortune. Some are laid inside the walls and others are laid outside.The Shi-gandang is often associated with Taishan Mountain and is used to cast off evil spirits.

It is said that Chi You, the legendary leader of the ancient Jiuli tribe, was brutal

and loved fighting, and people feared him. He amounted to the top of Taishan

Mountain, claiming that no one in the world could fight against him. Chi You's

bold words angered Nuws, a goddess in ancient Chinese mythology best known

for creating mankind and repairing the pillar of heaven. She threw the stone which

was once used to repair the pillar of heaven at him and Chi You became fearful.

Thus people lases employ Shi-gam-dang to exorcise evil spirits

4. 徽州石步

徽州许多村落家家户户门前有水圳，哪怕再窄的巷道边也有流水，水圳上方隔一

段会有一块条石，供来往行人暂时立足，相互避让。清清的水流上那方石块便叫

“石步”，体现了徽州人礼让的风尚和徽州建筑的智慧。

Another feature of Huizhou villages is that canal water runs through every

household, even for the narrowest lanes. Then how can people make way for each

other in such narrow lanes? Here come the stepping stones. Stepping stones are

stone slabs installed above the running water, providing a temporary space for

people to stand on. Stepping stones vividly demonstrate the ingenuity and

wisdom of ancient Huizhou people.

5. 过街楼

过街楼是一种特殊建筑式样，一般建在房屋正厅之外的街巷上空，依托街道或巷

弄两旁的屋墙，架木铺设楼板筑成。纵向街道两侧，楼的下半段砖墙砌在楼板上，

上半段为可装可拆的槽板。过街楼在形制上属正屋的附属建筑，有瞭望、值更和

礼仪奏乐等功能。

Arcade is just one of the typical features of Huizhou architecture. Generally built

in the streets outside the main hall, relying on the house walls on both sides of

the street or alley, wood laying floor built. On both sides of the street, the lower

half of the building's brick wall is built on the floor slab, and the upper half is a

removable trough slab. In form, the street building is an accessory building of the

main house, which has the functions of lookout, value watch and ritual music.

6. 上梁仪式

上梁仪式主要是指安装建筑物屋顶最高一根中梁的过程。本展项通过图文及视频

结合的方式，向来宾展示“上梁仪式”的全部过程，从中不仅能看到“上梁仪式”在

建筑结构实用上的重要位置，还能感受到无形的精神层面意义，从而加深对徽派

建筑和徽州文化的了解。

The central beam raising ceremony celebrates the installation of the highest

horizontal beam in house building. The combined graphic and video presentation

will demonstrate the whole process. The ceremony not only marks the practical

importance of the central beam in the building structure, but also manifests the

spiritual significance, which deepens our understanding of the Huizhou

architecture and Huizhou culture.

古徽州，民间建筑艺术相当发达,建房有别具一格的传统旧俗。择黄道吉日，竖屋

架，钉椽盖瓦都有着丰富的文化内涵。其中“赞梁”，“祭梁”，“上梁”等，场面隆重

而又热闹，且有浓郁的祭神色彩，至今仍在乡间沿袭。

Ancient Huizhou, the folk architecture art is quite developed, building a unique

style of traditional customs. Choosing the auspicious day of the zodiac, erecting

the roof truss, nailing the rafter roof tile all have rich cultural connotations. Among

them, \"praise beam\", \"offering beam\", \"upper beam\", etc., the scene is grand and

lively, and has a strong color of offering God, which is still followed in the

countryside.

由于徽州地处皖南山区，木材资源丰富，凭借这一条件，民居建筑自古至今一直

以木结构为主流。以每一座单体民居来说，条石承载屋身的重量，此为“屋基”；

中间一层是木结构的屋身，四周用砖块砌成墙壁；最上面一层是瓦顶，这样就形

成了一座民居。走进民居之内，石墩立着木柱，木柱上架以梁、枋、斗拱、桁条、

椽子，组成承托屋盖的屋架，屋顶盖瓦。从外观看白色的墙壁很漂亮，其实并不

承负大的重量，只起间隔内外、遮风挡雨以及防止野兽侵崐袭的作用。所谓“墙

倒屋不塌”就是徽州木结构民居独有的特点。

Because Huizhou is located in the mountainous area of southern Anhui Province,

wood resources are abundant. Depending on this condition, wood structure has

been the mainstream of residential buildings since ancient times. For each single

house, the strip stone bears the weight of the house, which is the \"roof base\"; The

middle floor is a wood-framed house surrounded by brick walls; The top layer is

a tile roof, which forms a dwelling house. Into the residential houses, the stone

pier stands on the wooden column, the wooden column shelves with beams, fang,

brackets, trusses, rafters, to form the roof truss supporting the roof cover, the roof

cover tile. The white wall is very beautiful from the outside, in fact, it does not bear

a large weight, and only plays the role of separating the inside and outside,

shielding the wind and rain, and preventing the beast from invading. The socalled \"walls fall down and houses do not fall down\" is the unique feature of

Huizhou wooden structure residential houses.

7. 屋脊兽

在我国古代建筑的屋脊上，我们可以很容易看到一些神兽的造型，这就是人们所

说的吻兽。吻兽是一些神兽的造型，这就是人们所说的吻兽。吻兽是中国古建筑

中屋脊兽饰的总称，要说的鸱吻指的是正脊两端的这种吻兽，它是吻兽的一种。

鸱吻最早的名称是蚩尾。唐代苏鹗写的《苏氏演义》中提到：蚩者，海兽也。汉

武帝作柏梁殿，有上疏者云：蚩尾，水之精，能辟火灾，可置之殿堂。今人多做

鸱字。鸱尾也作鸱吻。

汉于宫殿屋脊两端曾流行鸱尾装饰。汉时方士认为，天上有鱼尾形，置于屋顶可

防火，于是有了鱼尾形装饰。唐时鸱尾无首，宋时有首有吻。明清时期屋脊以龙

形为主，鱼尾形仅在在南方建筑中存在，尾部透空翘卷。

On the roof ridge of ancient buildings in our country, we can easily see the shape

of some gods, which is what people call the animal. An animal is a form of some

divine animal, and this is what people call an animal. An animal is the general

name of the roof ridge animal decoration in ancient Chinese architecture. The

ornament of the roof and ridge refers to the animal on both ends of the positive

ridge. It is a kind of animal. The earliest name of the ornament was Hile tail. In the

Romance of Su Shi written by Su E in the Tang Dynasty, it is mentioned that \"Hick

is the sea animal.\" Emperor Wudi of Han Dynasty made Bailiang Hall, there are

clouds on the dredger: the tail, the essence of water, can save the fire, can be

placed in the hall. Today people do more words. The tail is also known as a kiss.

In Han Dynasty, the roof ridge of the palace was decorated in the fashion of the

tail. Han Dynasty practitioners believe that there is a fishtail shape in the sky, and

it can be placed on the roof to prevent fire, so there is a fishtail shape decoration.

In the Tang and Song Dynasties, there was a kiss on the head. In the Ming and

Qing dynasties, the roof ridge was mainly shaped like a dragon, and the fish-tail

shape existed only in the southern buildings, with the tail full of air and curled.

8. 作退一步想

黟县西递绣楼下方的门帽上，嵌有一块刻有五个篆字“作退一步想”的石雕题

额，语意双关，耐人寻味，是屋主胡文照待人处事的座右铭。他以此勉励自

己，也提醒他人。他的厨房比正屋退后一步，正屋的墙角也削去了三分之一，

方便路人挑担、推车、抬轿。

On the lintel of a Embroidery Compound in Xidi Village. Yixian County there is a

stone slab with Chinese characters meaning \"Give a second thought”This is how

Hu Wenzhao the owner of the house. constantly reminded himself of the

principles of getting along with others. Put yourself in others’shoes, and be not

particular about one's personal gains and losses. As the old saying goes

\"tolerance makes space\" it is not worthwhile to make an enemy because of

unnecessary trifles, This philosophy could also find its way in his house design,

The kitchen is one step back from the sitting room. and the one third of sitting

room's wall corner is cut off, making it convenient for passers-by in the lane

9. 拐弯抹角

村落的巷弄都较窄，不利于轿子或其他运输工具拐弯。为方便通行，一些房主

在建房时便把拐考处的墙角去掉一部分，建成斜面或者烈形，地基和墙角都成

斜面、到了一定高度又恢复成直角。有的墙上还特地刻着“滴水为界”

Most lanes in Huizhou are quite narrow, making it difficult for sedans and other

transportation means to make turns. For convenient purposes, the walls at the

turning corners are particularly not designed with traditional angle, but with

slope or are-shaped walls. The foundations and the wall corners near the

ground are all designed in the same way, and slightly changed to be normal

angle when it is not causing such trouble, Some walls are specifically engraved

with \"Dripping water is for the boundary\".

10. 牌坊

徽州古牌坊俗名牌楼。它不同于民居（民居是住人的），也不同于祠庙（祠庙是

供神的）。是一种门洞式的、纪念性的独特的建筑物。是由棂星门衍变而来的。

棂星原作灵星，灵星即天田星。汉高祖规定：祭天天先祭灵星。

宋（南宋）元年以后，尤其是明清，这种建筑不仅置于郊坛、孔庙，还建于庙

宇、陵墓、祠堂、衙署和园林前或街旁、里前、路口。也不仅用于祭天、祀

孔，还用于褒扬功德，旌表节烈等等，于是灵星门不仅一变成为棂星门，而且

再变为牌坊。牌坊就其建造意图来说，可分为三类：一类为标志坊；二类为功

德坊；三类是标志科举成就的。

徽州原有牌坊一千多个，

现尚存有一百多个，歙县被誉为“中国牌坊之乡”。

Huizhou ancient archway common name archway. It is different from a dwelling

house (where people live), and it is different from a temple (where temples are

for gods). It is a kind of door-type, monumental and unique building. It's

derived from Lingxing Gate.

Lingxing original spirit star, spirit star is Tian Tian star. Emperor Gaozu of Han

stipulated: Sacrifice heaven first sacrifice spirit star.

After the first year of the Song (Southern Song), especially in the Ming and Qing

Dynasties, this kind of architecture was not only placed on the outskirts of the

altar, Confucian temple, but also built in front of temples, mausoleums, ancestral

halls, government offices and gardens, or beside the street, in front of the front,

and at the intersection. It is not only used for offering sacrifices to heaven and

offering sacrifices to holes, but also for praising merits, banners and so on, so

the Lingxing Gate not only becomes Lingxing Gate, but also becomes a

memorial arch. In terms of its construction intention, the archway can be divided

into three categories: one is the logo; The second category is merit workshop;

The third category marks the achievement of the imperial examination.

There are more than 1,000 original archways in Huizhou.

There are still more than one hundred, Shexian county is known as \"the town of

Chinese archway\".